R454C PT Chart
Updated October 19, 2026
R-454C
A blend of 21.5% R-32 and 78.5% R-1234yf by mass[5], A2L[2], GWP 146 on the US EPA basis[6]; glide about 14.0°F at 61.5 psig (computed from the table). Chemours positions R-454C (Opteon™ XL20) for new low- and medium-temperature commercial and industrial refrigeration, in place of designs that used R-404A, R-22 and R-407-series refrigerants[7].
R-454C saturation pressure splits across its glide: dew 61.5 PSIG at 40°F, bubble 222.5 PSIG at 100°F, and 112.2–141.2 PSIG dew-to-bubble at 70°F. Use the dew column for superheat and the bubble column for subcooling. The full table below runs from −40°F to 150°F in 1°F steps.
Checked against the Honeywell Solstice® 454C pressure-temperature chart[14] at 28 points from 0 to 400 psig: largest difference 0.05°F.
R-454C PT chart — printable saturation table
Looking for the R-454C PT chart PDF for shop reference? The complete pressure-temperature saturation table is below: every 1° increment from −40°F to 150°F (or to the refrigerant's critical temperature). Use the Print / Save as PDF button in the table header to download a clean, table-only PDF (the rest of the page is hidden from the print output).
R-454C PT Chart — Pressure-Temperature Saturation Table
Computed with CoolProp 7.2.0 in 1°F steps · hvacptcharts.com
| Temp (°F) | Bubble (PSIG) | Dew (PSIG) |
|---|---|---|
| −40°F | 4.3 | 3.0 in. Hg vac. |
| −39°F | 4.8 | 2.3 in. Hg vac. |
| −38°F | 5.2 | 1.6 in. Hg vac. |
| −37°F | 5.7 | 0.8 in. Hg vac. |
| −36°F | 6.2 | 0.0 in. Hg vac. |
| −35°F | 6.8 | 0.4 |
| −34°F | 7.3 | 0.8 |
| −33°F | 7.8 | 1.2 |
| −32°F | 8.4 | 1.6 |
| −31°F | 8.9 | 2.0 |
| −30°F | 9.5 | 2.4 |
| −29°F | 10.0 | 2.9 |
| −28°F | 10.6 | 3.3 |
| −27°F | 11.2 | 3.8 |
| −26°F | 11.8 | 4.2 |
| −25°F | 12.4 | 4.7 |
| −24°F | 13.1 | 5.2 |
| −23°F | 13.7 | 5.7 |
| −22°F | 14.4 | 6.2 |
| −21°F | 15.0 | 6.7 |
| −20°F | 15.7 | 7.2 |
| −19°F | 16.4 | 7.7 |
| −18°F | 17.1 | 8.3 |
| −17°F | 17.8 | 8.8 |
| −16°F | 18.5 | 9.4 |
| −15°F | 19.2 | 10.0 |
| −14°F | 20.0 | 10.5 |
| −13°F | 20.7 | 11.1 |
| −12°F | 21.5 | 11.7 |
| −11°F | 22.3 | 12.4 |
| −10°F | 23.1 | 13.0 |
| −9°F | 23.9 | 13.6 |
| −8°F | 24.7 | 14.3 |
| −7°F | 25.5 | 14.9 |
| −6°F | 26.4 | 15.6 |
| −5°F | 27.3 | 16.3 |
| −4°F | 28.1 | 17.0 |
| −3°F | 29.0 | 17.7 |
| −2°F | 29.9 | 18.4 |
| −1°F | 30.8 | 19.1 |
| 0°F | 31.8 | 19.9 |
| 1°F | 32.7 | 20.6 |
| 2°F | 33.7 | 21.4 |
| 3°F | 34.7 | 22.2 |
| 4°F | 35.6 | 23.0 |
| 5°F | 36.7 | 23.8 |
| 6°F | 37.7 | 24.6 |
| 7°F | 38.7 | 25.4 |
| 8°F | 39.8 | 26.3 |
| 9°F | 40.8 | 27.1 |
| 10°F | 41.9 | 28.0 |
| 11°F | 43.0 | 28.9 |
| 12°F | 44.1 | 29.8 |
| 13°F | 45.2 | 30.7 |
| 14°F | 46.4 | 31.7 |
| 15°F | 47.6 | 32.6 |
| 16°F | 48.7 | 33.6 |
| 17°F | 49.9 | 34.5 |
| 18°F | 51.1 | 35.5 |
| 19°F | 52.4 | 36.5 |
| 20°F | 53.6 | 37.6 |
| 21°F | 54.9 | 38.6 |
| 22°F | 56.2 | 39.7 |
| 23°F | 57.5 | 40.7 |
| 24°F | 58.8 | 41.8 |
| 25°F | 60.1 | 42.9 |
| 26°F | 61.5 | 44.0 |
| 27°F | 62.8 | 45.2 |
| 28°F | 64.2 | 46.3 |
| 29°F | 65.6 | 47.5 |
| 30°F | 67.1 | 48.7 |
| 31°F | 68.5 | 49.9 |
| 32°F H₂O freeze | 70.0 | 51.1 |
| 33°F | 71.5 | 52.3 |
| 34°F | 73.0 | 53.6 |
| 35°F | 74.5 | 54.9 |
| 36°F | 76.0 | 56.2 |
| 37°F | 77.6 | 57.5 |
| 38°F | 79.2 | 58.8 |
| 39°F | 80.8 | 60.2 |
| 40°F | 82.4 | 61.5 |
| 41°F | 84.0 | 62.9 |
| 42°F | 85.7 | 64.3 |
| 43°F | 87.4 | 65.7 |
| 44°F | 89.1 | 67.2 |
| 45°F | 90.8 | 68.6 |
| 46°F | 92.5 | 70.1 |
| 47°F | 94.3 | 71.6 |
| 48°F | 96.1 | 73.2 |
| 49°F | 97.9 | 74.7 |
| 50°F | 99.7 | 76.3 |
| 51°F | 101.6 | 77.8 |
| 52°F | 103.5 | 79.5 |
| 53°F | 105.4 | 81.1 |
| 54°F | 107.3 | 82.7 |
| 55°F | 109.2 | 84.4 |
| 56°F | 111.2 | 86.1 |
| 57°F | 113.2 | 87.8 |
| 58°F | 115.2 | 89.5 |
| 59°F | 117.2 | 91.3 |
| 60°F | 119.3 | 93.1 |
| 61°F | 121.4 | 94.9 |
| 62°F | 123.5 | 96.7 |
| 63°F | 125.6 | 98.6 |
| 64°F | 127.7 | 100.4 |
| 65°F | 129.9 | 102.3 |
| 66°F | 132.1 | 104.2 |
| 67°F | 134.3 | 106.2 |
| 68°F | 136.6 | 108.2 |
| 69°F | 138.9 | 110.2 |
| 70°F | 141.2 | 112.2 |
| 71°F | 143.5 | 114.2 |
| 72°F | 145.8 | 116.3 |
| 73°F | 148.2 | 118.4 |
| 74°F | 150.6 | 120.5 |
| 75°F | 153.0 | 122.6 |
| 76°F | 155.5 | 124.8 |
| 77°F | 158.0 | 127.0 |
| 78°F | 160.5 | 129.2 |
| 79°F | 163.0 | 131.5 |
| 80°F | 165.6 | 133.7 |
| 81°F | 168.1 | 136.0 |
| 82°F | 170.8 | 138.4 |
| 83°F | 173.4 | 140.7 |
| 84°F | 176.1 | 143.1 |
| 85°F | 178.8 | 145.5 |
| 86°F | 181.5 | 147.9 |
| 87°F | 184.2 | 150.4 |
| 88°F | 187.0 | 152.9 |
| 89°F | 189.8 | 155.4 |
| 90°F | 192.6 | 158.0 |
| 91°F | 195.5 | 160.6 |
| 92°F | 198.4 | 163.2 |
| 93°F | 201.3 | 165.8 |
| 94°F | 204.2 | 168.5 |
| 95°F | 207.2 | 171.2 |
| 96°F | 210.2 | 173.9 |
| 97°F | 213.3 | 176.7 |
| 98°F | 216.3 | 179.5 |
| 99°F | 219.4 | 182.3 |
| 100°F | 222.5 | 185.1 |
| 101°F | 225.7 | 188.0 |
| 102°F | 228.9 | 191.0 |
| 103°F | 232.1 | 193.9 |
| 104°F | 235.3 | 196.9 |
| 105°F | 238.6 | 199.9 |
| 106°F | 241.9 | 203.0 |
| 107°F | 245.3 | 206.1 |
| 108°F | 248.6 | 209.2 |
| 109°F | 252.0 | 212.3 |
| 110°F | 255.5 | 215.5 |
| 111°F | 258.9 | 218.7 |
| 112°F | 262.4 | 222.0 |
| 113°F | 265.9 | 225.3 |
| 114°F | 269.5 | 228.6 |
| 115°F | 273.1 | 232.0 |
| 116°F | 276.7 | 235.4 |
| 117°F | 280.4 | 238.8 |
| 118°F | 284.1 | 242.3 |
| 119°F | 287.8 | 245.8 |
| 120°F | 291.6 | 249.3 |
| 121°F | 295.3 | 252.9 |
| 122°F | 299.2 | 256.6 |
| 123°F | 303.0 | 260.2 |
| 124°F | 306.9 | 263.9 |
| 125°F | 310.8 | 267.7 |
| 126°F | 314.8 | 271.4 |
| 127°F | 318.8 | 275.3 |
| 128°F | 322.8 | 279.1 |
| 129°F | 326.9 | 283.0 |
| 130°F | 331.0 | 287.0 |
| 131°F | 335.1 | 291.0 |
| 132°F | 339.3 | 295.0 |
| 133°F | 343.5 | 299.1 |
| 134°F | 347.7 | 303.2 |
| 135°F | 352.0 | 307.3 |
| 136°F | 356.3 | 311.5 |
| 137°F | 360.7 | 315.8 |
| 138°F | 365.1 | 320.1 |
| 139°F | 369.5 | 324.4 |
| 140°F | 373.9 | 328.8 |
| 141°F | 378.4 | 333.2 |
| 142°F | 383.0 | 337.7 |
| 143°F | 387.5 | 342.3 |
| 144°F | 392.1 | 346.8 |
| 145°F | 396.8 | 351.5 |
| 146°F | 401.5 | 356.1 |
| 147°F | 406.2 | 360.9 |
| 148°F | 410.9 | 365.6 |
| 149°F | 415.7 | 370.5 |
| 150°F | 420.6 | 375.3 |
| Temp (°C) | Bubble (kPa) | Dew (kPa) |
|---|---|---|
| −40°C | 29 | −10 |
| −39°C | 35 | −6 |
| −38°C | 42 | −1 |
| −37°C | 48 | 4 |
| −36°C | 55 | 9 |
| −35°C | 61 | 14 |
| −34°C | 68 | 19 |
| −33°C | 76 | 25 |
| −32°C | 83 | 30 |
| −31°C | 91 | 36 |
| −30°C | 99 | 43 |
| −29°C | 107 | 49 |
| −28°C | 116 | 56 |
| −27°C | 125 | 62 |
| −26°C | 134 | 69 |
| −25°C | 143 | 77 |
| −24°C | 153 | 84 |
| −23°C | 162 | 92 |
| −22°C | 173 | 100 |
| −21°C | 183 | 108 |
| −20°C | 194 | 117 |
| −19°C | 205 | 126 |
| −18°C | 216 | 135 |
| −17°C | 228 | 144 |
| −16°C | 240 | 154 |
| −15°C | 253 | 164 |
| −14°C | 265 | 174 |
| −13°C | 279 | 185 |
| −12°C | 292 | 196 |
| −11°C | 306 | 207 |
| −10°C | 320 | 218 |
| −9°C | 334 | 230 |
| −8°C | 349 | 242 |
| −7°C | 365 | 255 |
| −6°C | 380 | 268 |
| −5°C | 396 | 281 |
| −4°C | 413 | 294 |
| −3°C | 429 | 308 |
| −2°C | 447 | 323 |
| −1°C | 464 | 337 |
| 0°C H₂O freeze | 482 | 352 |
| 1°C | 501 | 368 |
| 2°C | 520 | 384 |
| 3°C | 539 | 400 |
| 4°C | 559 | 417 |
| 5°C | 579 | 434 |
| 6°C | 600 | 451 |
| 7°C | 621 | 469 |
| 8°C | 643 | 488 |
| 9°C | 665 | 507 |
| 10°C | 688 | 526 |
| 11°C | 711 | 546 |
| 12°C | 734 | 566 |
| 13°C | 758 | 587 |
| 14°C | 783 | 608 |
| 15°C | 808 | 629 |
| 16°C | 834 | 652 |
| 17°C | 860 | 674 |
| 18°C | 887 | 698 |
| 19°C | 914 | 721 |
| 20°C | 942 | 746 |
| 21°C | 970 | 771 |
| 22°C | 999 | 796 |
| 23°C | 1,028 | 822 |
| 24°C | 1,059 | 848 |
| 25°C | 1,089 | 876 |
| 26°C | 1,120 | 903 |
| 27°C | 1,152 | 932 |
| 28°C | 1,185 | 960 |
| 29°C | 1,218 | 990 |
| 30°C | 1,251 | 1,020 |
| 31°C | 1,285 | 1,051 |
| 32°C | 1,320 | 1,082 |
| 33°C | 1,356 | 1,114 |
| 34°C | 1,392 | 1,147 |
| 35°C | 1,429 | 1,180 |
| 36°C | 1,466 | 1,214 |
| 37°C | 1,504 | 1,249 |
| 38°C | 1,543 | 1,285 |
| 39°C | 1,582 | 1,321 |
| 40°C | 1,623 | 1,358 |
| 41°C | 1,663 | 1,395 |
| 42°C | 1,705 | 1,434 |
| 43°C | 1,747 | 1,473 |
| 44°C | 1,790 | 1,513 |
| 45°C | 1,834 | 1,553 |
| 46°C | 1,878 | 1,595 |
| 47°C | 1,923 | 1,637 |
| 48°C | 1,969 | 1,680 |
| 49°C | 2,015 | 1,724 |
| 50°C | 2,063 | 1,769 |
| 51°C | 2,111 | 1,815 |
| 52°C | 2,160 | 1,861 |
| 53°C | 2,209 | 1,909 |
| 54°C | 2,259 | 1,957 |
| 55°C | 2,311 | 2,006 |
| 56°C | 2,363 | 2,056 |
| 57°C | 2,415 | 2,108 |
| 58°C | 2,469 | 2,160 |
| 59°C | 2,523 | 2,213 |
| 60°C | 2,578 | 2,267 |
| 61°C | 2,634 | 2,322 |
| 62°C | 2,691 | 2,379 |
| 63°C | 2,749 | 2,436 |
| 64°C | 2,807 | 2,495 |
| 65°C | 2,866 | 2,554 |
| 66°C | 2,926 | 2,615 |
Full saturation values at 1° increments. Toggle between °F / PSIG and °C / kPa. Use Print / Save as PDF for laminated shop reference, or download the CSV / JSON below for use in other tools. R-454C PT chart data: CoolProp 7.2.0 (published Helmholtz equations of state / mixture models — see the source citations above).
Lower toxicity. Flame propagates in air at 60°C, but with a low burning velocity (≤ 10 cm/s) and a heat of combustion < 19,000 kJ/kg. ASHRAE safety group A2L: lower toxicity and lower flammability. R-32, R-454B, R-1234yf, R-1234ze(E), R-452B, R-454C, R-455A, R-516A are A2L.
- Flammability
- Low (burning velocity ≤ 10 cm/s)
- Toxicity
- Lower (OEL ≥ 400 ppm)
Classification per ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2022[2], safety group definitions and refrigerant safety classifications. See full reference.
Saturation pressure-temperature curve
Saturation values from CoolProp 7.2.0 mixture model: R-32/R-1234yf, 21.5/78.5% by mass[4]. Operating pressure on a running system differs — see what R-454C operating pressures should be.
At a glance
Chemistry
Lubricant compatibility
POE required. A2L.
Blend composition
- R-32 21.5%
- R-1234yf 78.5%
Trade names
Common applications
- Commercial refrigeration (low and medium temp)
- Supermarket cases
- R-404A retrofit
- Heat pumps
Properties
- Boiling point (1 atm)bubble −50.0°F (−45.6°C), dew −36.0°F (−37.8°C)
- Critical pointNo single point — blend critical locus
- Molar mass90.78 g/mol
- Temperature glide14.0°F
- ODP0
- GWP (100-yr)146 US EPA value, 40 CFR 84.64(b) IPCC: AR4 not assessed · AR5 146 · AR6 166
- New-equipment status (US)AIM Act HFC, 84.64 GWP 146 — below every 40 CFR 84.54 limit; no new-equipment restriction.
What is R-454C?
Where R-454C is used
- Low- and medium-temperature commercial and industrial refrigeration (new equipment)[7]
Regulatory & phase-down status
Temperature glide
R-454C is a zeotropic blend: at constant pressure it boils across a temperature range rather than at a single point. Use the dew curve for superheat, bubble curve for subcooling.
Operating cycle
Phase-down timeline
R-454C contains HFC-32, a regulated substance under the AIM Act[1], 42 U.S.C. 7675(c)(1). Its GWP under 40 CFR 84.64 is 146 — below every 40 CFR 84.54 GWP limit, so no 84.54 new-equipment limit restricts it.
R-454C is not restricted in new supermarket systems: its GWP (146) is under every limit for that subsector, including those that start on January 1, 2032.[9], §84.54(c)(12)
R-454C is not restricted in new residential & light-commercial AC and heat pumps (its 84.64 GWP 146 is below that subsector's limit).[9], §84.54(a)(1), (c)(1), (c)(2)
HFC production & consumption allowances step down to 30% of baseline in 2029–2033, 20% of baseline in 2034–2035, and 15% of baseline in 2036 and later (42 U.S.C. 7675(e)(2)(C))[1].
US new-equipment rules (40 CFR 84.54)
R-454C contains HFC-32, a regulated substance under the AIM Act[1], 42 U.S.C. 7675(c)(1). Under 40 CFR 84.64(b) its GWP is 146: each component's GWP times its mass fraction; components without a GWP under 84.64 are left out (84.64(c)). That value is compared against each 40 CFR 84.54 subsector limit below.
Its GWP (146) is under every 40 CFR 84.54 limit for supermarket systems and for residential & light-commercial AC and heat pumps, so those restrictions don't apply there.
- R-454C is not restricted in new supermarket systems: its GWP (146) is under every limit for that subsector, including those that start on January 1, 2032.
- Not restricted in new residential & light-commercial AC and heat pumps.
Servicing. 40 CFR 84.54 restricts new manufacture/import, later sale/distribution, and installation. "Installation" is defined in 84.54(e); repairing or servicing existing R-454C equipment is not an installation unless it meets 84.54(e), so existing systems can keep being serviced. From January 1, 2029, servicing or repairing R-454C equipment in supermarket systems, refrigerated transport or automatic commercial ice makers must be done with reclaimed refrigerant[15].
Source: 40 CFR 84.54, current through 91 FR 31329 (May 26, 2026). Installation defined at 40 CFR 84.54(e).
Global warming potential, in context
Commercial refrigeration — medium temperature
Retrofit and replacement paths
R-454C replaces
Reading the R-454C PT chart — bubble and dew matter
R-454C is zeotropic: at 61.5 psig, where its dew point is 40°F, its bubble point is 26.0°F — a glide of 14.0°F, so the chart shows separate bubble and dew columns. Reading the chart requires selecting the correct curve for the measurement you're making.
For suction-line superheat measurement, use the dew curve[10]. The dew temperature at the measured suction pressure is the saturation reference — superheat = suction line temperature − dew temperature[10]. Reading the bubble column instead of the dew column would overstate superheat by the glide — about 14.0°F at 61.5 psig.
For liquid-line subcooling measurement, use the bubble curve[10]. Subcooling uses the bubble temperature at the measured liquid-line pressure[10]. Using the dew curve instead would overstate subcooling by the glide.
R-454C vs R-404A, R-22: saturation pressure
| Temp | R-454C | R-404A | R-22 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0°F | 19.9 / 31.8 | 33.7(+6%) | 24.0(−24%) |
| 40°F | 61.5 / 82.4 | 86.9(+5%) | 68.6(−17%) |
| 70°F | 112.2 / 141.2 | 149.3(+6%) | 121.4(−14%) |
| 100°F | 185.1 / 222.5 | 236.8(+6%) | 195.9(−12%) |
Frequently asked
›What is the normal operating pressure of R-454C?
Operating pressure depends on evaporator load and ambient; for suction and discharge by outdoor temperature, see What pressure should R-454C be?. The saturation pressures are in the PT table and the comparison table on this page.
›Why does R-454C have such large glide?
Because R-32 (component, NBP −61°F) and R-1234yf (component, NBP −21°F) have very different boiling points — a 40°F spread between pure components. Glide is the difference between the dew point and the bubble point at the same pressure; for R-454C it is about 14.0°F at 61.5 psig.
›What does R-454C's GWP of 146 mean?
On the US EPA basis R-454C's GWP is 146, so releasing 1 kg absorbs about 146 times as much energy over 100 years as releasing 1 kg of CO₂[6][11]. Its GWP (146) is below 150, the limit in Regulation 517/2014 Annex III rows 11 and 13[3], and below every 40 CFR 84.54 limit[9].
Its GWP (146) is about 27 times lower than R-404A's 3,922[6].
›Can I retrofit R-404A to R-454C?
›What lubricant does R-454C use?
Polyolester (POE) oil — same lubricant family as R-410A, R-32, and R-404A[12]. Use the oil the equipment maker specifies.
›How do I measure superheat on R-454C?
Use the dew temperature at suction pressure[10]. At that pressure, reading the bubble column instead of the dew column overstates superheat by 14.0°F. The dew curve corresponds to the suction-line state where refrigerant has fully evaporated.
›Is R-454C safe to handle?
ASHRAE class A2L — lower flammability with low burning velocity[2].
Sources & citations
- [1]42 U.S.C. 7675 — American Innovation and Manufacturing Act. US Code (via Cornell LII). current. https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/7675 (accessed October 2, 2026)
- [2]ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2022, Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants (free read-only version). ASHRAE. 2022. https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/standards-and-guidelines/read-only-versions-of-ashrae-standards (accessed October 2, 2026)
- [3]Regulation (EU) No 517/2014 on fluorinated greenhouse gases. EUR-Lex. OJ L 150, 20.5.2014 (replaced by (EU) 2024/573 from March 11, 2024). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014R0517 (accessed October 2, 2026)
- [4]CoolProp 7.2.0. CoolProp (I. H. Bell, J. Wronski, S. Quoilin, V. Lemort). https://coolprop.org/ (accessed October 2, 2026). Bell, I. H.; Wronski, J.; Quoilin, S.; Lemort, V. Pure and Pseudo-pure Fluid Thermophysical Property Evaluation and the Open-Source Thermophysical Property Library CoolProp. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53, 2498–2508 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/ie4033999
- [5]ASHRAE Refrigerant Designations. ASHRAE. web page, updated May 25, 2021. https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/standards-and-guidelines/ashrae-refrigerant-designations (accessed October 2, 2026)
- [6]Technology Transitions GWP Reference Table. US EPA. updated April 2, 2026. https://www.epa.gov/hfcs/technology-transitions-gwp-reference-table (accessed October 2, 2026)
- [7]Opteon™ XL20 Refrigerant (R-454C) Product Information. Chemours. C-10999 (1/2024). https://www.opteon.de/-/media/files/opteon/opteon-xl20-pib-en.pdf (accessed October 2, 2026)
- [8]40 CFR 84.64 — Global warming potentials. eCFR (Office of the Federal Register). current as of 9/28/2026. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-84/subpart-B/section-84.64 (accessed October 2, 2026)
- [9]40 CFR 84.54 — Restrictions on the use of hydrofluorocarbons. eCFR (Office of the Federal Register). up to date as of 9/29/2026. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-84/subpart-B/section-84.54 (accessed October 2, 2026)
- [10]Opteon™ XP40 Retrofit Guidelines to Replace R-404A/R-507. Chemours. C-10023 (1/16). https://www.opteon.com/en/-/media/files/opteon/opteon-xp40-retrofit-guidelines-r-404a-r-507.pdf (accessed October 5, 2026)
- [11]Understanding Global Warming Potentials. US EPA. last updated December 29, 2025. https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/understanding-global-warming-potentials (accessed October 2, 2026)
- [12]Refrigerants and lubricants approved for use in Copeland compressors. Copeland. Form 93-11 R41 (5/24). https://webapps.copeland.com/online-product-information/Publication/LaunchPDF?Index=AEB&PDF=93-11 (accessed October 2, 2026)
- [13]2017 Guideline for Assignment of Refrigerant Container Colors (AHRI Guideline N-2017). AHRI. 2017. https://www.ahrinet.org/system/files/2023-06/AHRI_Guideline_N_2017.pdf (accessed October 2, 2026)
- [14]Honeywell Solstice® 454C pressure-temperature chart. Honeywell. https://prod-edam.honeywell.com/content/dam/honeywell-edam/pmt/oneam/en-us/refrigerants/documents/hon-ess-am-3161690-adm-tds-pt-chart-solstice-454c-a4-en.pdf (accessed October 2, 2026)
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